CULTURE

1. WHAT IS CULTURE?
Culture (/ˈkʌltʃər/) is the social behavior and norms found in human societies. Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. (Wikipedia).

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2. CONCEPT OF CULTURE
Some aspects of human behavior, social practices such as culture, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, and religion, and technologies such as tool usage,cooking, shelter, and clothing are said to becultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept of material culturecovers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization(including practices of political organizationand social institutions), mythology,philosophy, literature (both written and oral)and science comprise the intangible cultural heritage of a society. (Wikipedia).

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3. DIAGRAM OF CULTURE

DEFINITION OF COLLECTIVE VIOLENCE

    COMMUNAL VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA, (STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images)



Collective violence may be defined as: the instrumental use of violence by people who identify themselves as members of a group – whether this group is transitory or has a more permanent identity – against another group or set of individuals, in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives.

Forms of collective violence Various forms of collective violence have been recognized, including: . Wars, terrorism and other violent political conflicts that occur within or between states. State-perpetrated violence such as genocide, repression, disappearances, torture and other abuses of human rights... Organized violent crime such as banditry and gang warfare. (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION).

CHIASMUS

WHAT IS CHIASMUS?

In rhetoric, chiasmus, or less commonly chiasm, (Latin term from Greek χίασμα, "crossing", from the Greek χιάζω, chiázō, "to shape like the letter Χ") is the figure of speech in which two or more clauses are presented to the reader or hearer, then presented again in reverse order, in order to make a larger point.
A figure of speech in which a second clause or phrase inverts the order of words used in the first, as in "Man must eat in order to live and not live in order to eat." Dictionary of Critical Theory, Penguin Reference, 2000.

DEFINITION OF CHIASMUS

Chiasmus is a Greek term meaning “diagonal arrangement.” It is used to describe two successive clauses or sentences where the keywords or phrases are repeated in both clauses, but in reverse order. For this reason, chiasmus is sometimes known as a criss-cross figure of speech.

For example, consider the common phrase:

When the going gets tough,

the tough get going!

“Going” and “tough” are reversed in successive clauses, while the other words (when, the, gets) bind them together and often include straightforward repetition (the, get/gets).

In the general pattern, when your first clause contains two words A and B, then the second clause contains the same words, but in reverse order:

[1] … A… B…
[2] … B… A…

Each of “A” and “B” can be either a single word or a group of words. Graphically, it looks like above.

Chiasmus from John F. Kennedy

Chiasmus was a common technique used by John F. Kennedy (or perhaps his speechwriters). We include just a few of his chiastic phrases here.

For example, the most famous line from his Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961) reverses your country and you in successive parallel clauses:

Ask not what your country can do for you
— ask what you can do for your country.

In the same speech, he says:

Let us never negotiate out of fear.
But let us never fear to negotiate.

In his address to the United Nations General Assembly on September 25, 1961, he repeats that line, slightly massaged to reflect his audience and his relationship to it:

[…] we shall never negotiate out of fear,
we shall never fear to negotiate.

The same speech includes:

Mankind must put an end to war,
or war will put an end to mankind.

Finally, his 1963 address on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty includes:

Each increase of tension has produced an increase of arms;
each increase of arms has produced an increase of tension, by Andrew Dlugan.

WHAT IS ARAB SPRING?

Reference

From the book "Why Nations Fail" The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Crown Business, New York, 2012.

One of praise

About writing it came from, Michael Spence, Nobel Laureate in Economics, 2001.

"This is not only a fascinating and interesting book: it is a really important one. The highly original research that Professors Acemoglu and Robinson have done, and continue to do, on how economic forces, politics, and policy choices evolve together and constrain each other, and how institutions affect that evolution, is essential to understanding the successes and failures of societies and nations. And here, in this book, these insights come in a highly accessible, indeed riveting form. Those who pick this book up and start reading will have trouble putting it down."

The Origin of Arab Spring

It is a fact about the huge differences in incomes and standards of living that separate the rich countries of the world, such as the United States, Great Britain, and Germany, from the poor, such as those in sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, and South Asia.

As we write this preface, North Africa and the Middle East have been shaken by the "Arab Spring" started by the so-called Jasmine Revolution, which was initially ignited by public outrage over the self-immolation of a street vendor, Mohamed Bouazizi, on December 17, 2010. By January 14, 2011, President Zine El Abidine  Ben Ali, who had ruled Tunisia since 1987, had stepped down, but far from abating, the revolutionary fervor against the rule of privileged elites in Tunisia was getting stronger and had already spread to the rest of the Middle East. Hosni Mubarak, who had ruled Egypt with a tight grip for almost thirty years, was ousted on February 11, 2011. The fates of the regimes in Bahrain, Libya, Syria, and Yemen are unknown as we complete this preface.  WHY NATIONS FAIL, preface.

Definition of Arab Spring

A series of anti-government uprisings affecting Arab countries of North Africa and the Middle East beginning in 2010, Merriam Webster's.

Definition of Jasmine Revolution

The Tunisian revolution in which President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was forced out of the presidency by popular protests was called the "Jasmine Revolution" by many media organizations. The Arab Spring, which began with the Tunisian revolution, was also called the "Jasmine Revolution" by some.

Jasmine Revolution - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmine_Revolution

Jasmine Revolution may refer to:

• The Tunisian revolution in which President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was forced out of the presidency by popular protests was called the "Jasmine Revolution" by many media organizations
• The Arab Spring, which began with the Tunisian revolution, was also called the "Jasmine Revolution" by some
• The 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests in China that were inspired by the Tunisian revolution and was called the "Jasmine Revolution" by some of the organizers